The race to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century is at a critical juncture, as the pace of the energy transition across Europe reveals stark contrasts among leading nations. A recent analysis highlights Denmark and Norway as frontrunners in the shift toward renewable heating and electricity, while the UK and Germany grapple with persistent challenges that threaten their climate goals. To realise climate neutrality, setting interim targets is essential. For instance, the electricity sector must complete its transformation by 2035. “We need more than just emissions data; early warning indicators are crucial for tracking infrastructure development and ensuring that…